Introduction
Moving abroad with family pets can be overwhelming. Adding pet relocation to your to-do list introduces extra steps, strict timelines, and unfamiliar regulations. On top of that, it’s completely natural to worry about how your furry family member will cope with the flight itself.
As pet air travel has become more common, airlines, pet transport specialists, and pet owners have learned that flying carries higher risks for snub-nosed cats and dogs than for pets with longer muzzles. To protect both the animals and themselves, airlines have introduced specific rules that govern how, when, and under what conditions flat-faced pets are allowed to fly.
In this guide, we’ll walk through the unique challenges of relocating a flat-faced pet internationally and outline practical steps you can take to help ensure your pet’s journey is as safe, comfortable, and low-stress as possible.
What is Brachycephaly?
A Bulldog’s toothy underbite, a Pug’s prominent eyes, a Shar Pei’s deep facial folds, and a Persian cat’s snoring all have something in common: they are signs of brachycephaly, the medical term for dogs and cats with abnormally short snouts. Within this group, some breeds have only slightly shortened muzzles, while others have very flat faces.
Most brachycephalic dogs and cats experience at least some degree of health challenges that are directly or indirectly related to their shortened snout. That said, mixed-breed pets may not display obvious physical traits or noticeable functional problems.
The primary concern is breathing difficulty. While all dogs and cats share similar nasal and upper airway structures, in snub-nosed pets those structures are packed into a smaller space. This can alter the nostrils, mouth, throat, and in some cases the windpipe, making it harder for air to move through. As a result, flat-faced pets can struggle to breathe efficiently, which is why they often snort or snore and may tire quickly with even moderate exercise.
When these pets cannot breathe properly, they may not receive adequate oxygen, which can lead to additional health issues. Crowded teeth can become misaligned, increasing the risk of dental disease, difficulty eating, and related gastrointestinal problems. Large, protruding eyes are more vulnerable to drying out and other eye conditions. And if your pet has characteristic skin folds, they may be more prone to skin infections due to limited air circulation in those areas.
Your own brachycephalic pet may not show all of these signs, and any existing symptoms may only minimally affect their day-to-day life. However, being a flat-faced breed does increase the risks associated with air travel. This doesn’t automatically rule out relocation, but it does mean you’ll need to take extra care and plan thoughtfully to help keep your pet safe and comfortable in transit.
How Airlines Handle Flat-Faced Pets
Several factors will determine whether your snub-nosed pet can travel with you, most notably their overall health and fitness to fly, along with each airline’s pet travel policies. Airlines that do accept brachycephalic pets have significantly increased their oversight because air travel carries higher risks for snub-nosed dogs and cats. All pets can feel stressed when surrounded by unfamiliar sounds, sights, smells, and constant motion. For flat-faced pets, however, this heightened anxiety can further aggravate their breathing difficulties.
It is important to recognize that each airline manages this risk differently. Some carriers have implemented a blanket ban on transporting any snub-nosed pets. More commonly, airlines have developed specific guidelines and restrictions for brachycephalic breeds. Keep in mind that airlines may not all agree on which dog and cat breeds are considered “brachycephalic.”
This means your pet may be declined by one airline but accepted by another. The only way to know for sure is to carefully review each airline’s policies and check their websites for the breeds they classify as brachycephalic. If your pet is a mixed breed, confirm whether the airline includes mixed-breed animals in their brachycephalic restrictions or applies the rules only to purebred pets.
Airline pet policies for snub-nosed breeds typically focus on:
Extreme weather
Very hot or very cold temperatures are risky for all pets, so airlines often impose seasonal or temperature-based travel restrictions. Heat is especially dangerous for snub-nosed dogs and cats, so many airlines apply stricter rules for them during warmer months. Depending on the route and climate, some carriers may suspend pet travel altogether from roughly May through October, which can impact both domestic and international itineraries.
Size of the pet
Cats and very small dogs are often eligible to travel in the passenger cabin, while larger dogs typically must fly as checked baggage or cargo. For international relocations, some destination countries do not allow pets to travel in-cabin or as accompanied baggage at all. At the same time, certain airlines prohibit flat-faced pets from flying in the cargo hold. As a result, it can be challenging to find an airline that operates between your departure and destination and is also willing to accept your specific pet.
Flight duration
The longer the flight, the more physically and emotionally demanding it becomes for any animal. Some airlines therefore place limits on total flight time for flat-faced pets or may not permit them on particularly long-haul routes.
Problematic Travel Conditions
Air travel isn’t something most pets look forward to. Still, being with you is their highest priority. They may not understand the process, but they will endure what’s needed to stay by your side. That said, there are several factors that can make flying challenging for any pet, regardless of their facial structure. Many of these stressors are especially intense for flat-faced pets or those with special medical or behavioral needs.
Health Conditions
Beyond the typical breathing challenges, your pet may also have other medical issues that stem directly or indirectly from their unique facial structure. These additional concerns can make it harder for their body to tolerate spending long periods confined in a travel carrier.
Age is another important factor - Senior pets generally have a tougher time adapting to change than younger dogs and cats, both physically and emotionally. Many older pets suffer from arthritis or other joint problems, which can make remaining in one position inside a travel crate for an extended time quite uncomfortable.
Weight also plays a major role - Some pets are so overweight that they are classified as obese. Even a few extra pounds can pose a risk for smaller dogs and cats because the additional weight places more stress on their organs and overall system. Flat-faced breeds, in particular, are more prone to eating and digestive issues such as acid reflux, which may cause discomfort and complications during a flight.
Finally, many cats and dogs already live with chronic health conditions like diabetes or heart, liver, or kidney disease. All of these factors influence how safely they can travel. For this reason, it’s essential to evaluate your pet’s overall health with your veterinarian when deciding whether they are truly fit to fly.
Environmental Conditions
Air travel involves far more than the time your pet spends in the air; every part of the journey can influence their stress level.
Whether your pet is traveling in the cabin or in the cargo hold, the air supply is pressurized and temperature-controlled. Even so, the environment can start to feel warm or stuffy over time. For flat-faced pets flying in cargo, it’s especially important to use a travel crate at least one size larger than the minimum requirement to promote better airflow, though they may still feel confined.
Heat and humidity add another layer of risk. As mentioned earlier, airlines take specific precautions to protect pets from extreme temperatures throughout their journey. Still, pets that exert themselves in hot or humid conditions are more vulnerable to heatstroke, which can be life-threatening. While most dogs pant to cool themselves, snub-nosed breeds cannot pant as efficiently. Cats rarely pant because they dislike breathing through their mouths, but like dogs, they tend to slow down and rest when they overheat.
Noise and commotion also play a major role. For people, crowded terminals, loudspeaker announcements, and ground handling activity are simply part of the airport experience. For dogs and cats, this constant stimulation can be overwhelming, amplifying their anxiety and making them feel unsafe and on edge.
Paperwork Required for Air Travel
All pets traveling internationally must have official documentation confirming their identity and overall health, and this is especially critical for flat-faced dogs and cats. The specific forms and certifications your pet needs will depend on your destination country, as each one sets its own import rules and veterinary requirements for incoming animals.
Typical paperwork may include:
- Proof of microchip
- Rabies vaccination certificate
- General vaccination certificate
- Import permit
- Health certificate
- Blood test results
- Proof of internal and/or external parasite treatments
- Customs forms
Pet Import Requirements
Meeting the pet import requirements is one of the most time-consuming and complex parts of planning an international move for any animal, and it’s wise to start early. Some countries have relatively simple medical prerequisites, such as proof of a current rabies vaccination. However, many destinations have a much more detailed list of veterinary requirements.
Begin by confirming with your veterinarian that your pet is genuinely fit for air travel. As noted earlier, age, weight, and chronic medical conditions such as diabetes can all worsen brachycephalic airway issues. In addition to breathing concerns, does your pet have intestinal, dental, or eye problems commonly seen in flat‑faced breeds? Are there any signs of organ disease, such as heart, liver, or kidney problems, or neurological issues?
In some cases, flying with a flat‑faced dog or cat is simply too risky, and your veterinarian may advise against air travel. If that happens, your pet may not be able to relocate with you. If your vet does provide medical clearance, you can move forward with gathering the specific health and documentation requirements for your destination country. These may include some or all of the following:
- Microchip - Pets traveling internationally should have a 15‑digit, ISO‑compatible microchip implanted and scanned before any other treatments. The correct microchip number must appear on all of your pet’s paperwork.
- Rabies vaccination - This vaccination typically must be administered at least 30 days before travel and be valid (not expired) on the day of departure. Always follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for age at first vaccination and revaccination intervals. Some countries do not accept multi‑year rabies vaccines, which means the vaccination must be less than one year old at the time of travel.
- Other vaccinations - Certain countries require additional vaccines for entry. If your pet will be boarding at any stage of the journey, the facility may also have its own vaccination rules. In general, dogs are often required to be vaccinated for DHPP, Leptospirosis, Bordetella, and CIV, while cats are commonly required to have FVRCP and Feline Leukemia vaccinations.
- Blood testing - Some destinations require blood tests to confirm adequate rabies antibody levels or to screen for specific diseases. These tests must usually be performed at approved laboratories and within very specific timeframes.
- Parasite treatments - Some countries require pets to be on a consistent flea and tick prevention program prior to import. Many also mandate testing and/or treatment for a range of internal and external parasites, such as intestinal worms and certain vector‑borne diseases, within set windows before travel.
- Quarantine - Certain countries, especially island nations such as Australia, require pets to spend a designated period in quarantine upon arrival, even when all documents are in perfect order. This is an added safeguard to prevent the introduction of pests and diseases.
It is essential to know exactly what is required in order for your pet to enter your destination country. The rules must be followed precisely - shortcuts, missing details, or incorrect paperwork can make your pet ineligible to travel. You also cannot simply work through a checklist at your own pace; nearly every step must be completed within strict, country‑specific timeframes. Carefully review your destination’s import regulations and timeline so you can stay on schedule and avoid last‑minute surprises.
What You Can Do
The first step in deciding whether your pet is a suitable candidate for international relocation is to schedule a thorough consultation with your veterinarian. Together, you’ll need to determine whether they are healthy enough to tolerate the physical and emotional demands of air travel. This assessment will depend in part on the specifics of the itinerary, including total travel time, number of flight segments, and any layovers or ground transfers along the way.
Next, carefully review the pet travel policies for each airline you’re considering. Will they accept them as a flat‑faced pet, and under conditions that work with your relocation plans - such as your preferred dates, departure airport, and destination? Be sure the airline’s requirements align with both your schedule and your pet's needs.
If your veterinarian confirms that they are fit to fly and the airline will accept them, you can move forward with additional steps to help make their journey as safe, comfortable, and low‑stress as possible.
Get the travel crate as early as possible
Dogs and cats must travel in a carrier or crate that complies with the International Air Transport Association (IATA) standards for live animals. These IATA‑compliant crates are designed to provide secure containment, adequate ventilation, and enough space for pets to stand, turn around, and lie down comfortably. Selecting the correct size is critical. For flat‑faced pets, the Starwood team generally recommends choosing at least one size larger than the minimum requirement to promote even better airflow and temperature regulation.
Having the travel crate in your home well in advance gives your pet plenty of time to get used to it. Helping them view the crate as a familiar, positive space is one of the most effective ways to reduce stress on travel day. While airports, aircraft, and new environments may feel confusing, the crate can become a safe, cozy “den” that smells like home.
Don't sedate your pet
Sedation is not an option for air travel. Airlines will not accept pets that have been sedated, and at Starwood Pet Travel, we follow the same policy. These rules are based on guidance from the American Veterinary Medical Association and are designed to protect your pet’s health and safety in flight.
Although it may seem like a way to calm an anxious pet, tranquilizers can actually increase risk. Sedation slows a pet’s reflexes and coordination, making it harder for them to maintain balance or adjust their posture to breathe comfortably. Confusion and disorientation can heighten fear rather than relieve it. For flat‑faced pets, who already work harder to move air through their airways, any added stress or reduced muscle control can make breathing even more difficult.
Even though your pet must remain sedative‑free, there are safe, holistic calming options that may help take the edge off their anxiety. Many veterinarians recommend natural calming supplements, pheromone products, or other gentle support for nervous travelers. Ask your vet which products or strategies are most appropriate for them based on their health, temperament, and travel plan.
How We Can Help
Ensuring maximum safety and comfort for flat‑faced dogs and cats is an ongoing process, and airline policies will continue to adapt as we learn more. In this changing environment, one of the best ways to protect your pet and your peace of mind is to partner with experienced pet travel professionals. At Starwood Pet Travel, our team members are pet parents and animal lovers ourselves, so we truly understand how important this journey is for your family.
The difference is that we manage and monitor pet relocations every day, all over the world - and we’ve been doing so successfully for decades. We recognize and empathize with your worries, and we also know how to navigate the regulations, logistics, and safety considerations that come with relocating snub‑nosed pets. With a dedicated team guiding each step of the process, you can breathe easier throughout the move - and so can your pet.
Photo by Oleksandr Dorokhov on Unsplash