SHORT ANSWER
Where your pet goes during a layover depends on how it is flying. Pets in the cabin stay with you the whole time. Pets flying as checked baggage or cargo stay in airline custody: they either remain on the aircraft if it is the same plane, or ground handlers move them to a climate-controlled animal holding area or a dedicated airport animal facility before loading them onto the connecting flight. At major hubs like Frankfurt, that facility can be a full animal station with keepers and vets on site. Whether your pet clears customs during the connection is the detail that matters most, because it can trigger that country's import rules.
If your pet flies in the cabin, it stays with you. You carry it off the first flight, walk it through the connecting airport, and carry it onto the next flight in its approved carrier. No airline staff take custody of an in-cabin pet during the connection.
That sounds simple, but it brings two complications that cargo pets avoid.
The first is customs. CDC's layover guidance notes that when a dog rides in the cabin, it may be required to clear customs at the connecting airport. Once that happens, the dog is considered to have entered that country, and its import rules apply. A U.S. layover in the cabin, for example, does not meet CDC's four conditions for skipping entry requirements, because one of those conditions is that the dog travels as cargo or checked baggage.
The second is relief breaks. Under 14 CFR 382.51, U.S. carriers must work with airport operators to provide animal relief areas for service animals at departing, connecting, and arrival airports. That rule is written for service animals. Pet owners should check the specific connecting airport's terminal map before assuming a relief area is open to pets or located airside.
In-cabin travel is also not an option on every route. The UK, for example, requires pets entering Great Britain to arrive on an approved route, and those routes differ for pets and for guide or assistance dogs. Check the route rules for both your layover and destination countries before booking a cabin itinerary.
Pets flying in the hold never pass through the passenger terminal. Their layover happens airside, on the ramp and in airline or airport animal facilities, and they stay in the carrier's custody from drop-off to pickup.
Australia's Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF) uses two terms that describe the two possible layovers in its Group 3 dog import guide:
DAFF puts the burden on the importer to confirm whether the transhipment country allows it, whether it has a holding facility, and how long animals can be held there. DAFF also states plainly that it cannot control how long a dog will be held at these stops, and asks owners of sick or elderly dogs to consider whether the routing is right for them.
At large hubs, a transfer pet may wait in a purpose-built animal station rather than a general cargo shed. Lufthansa Cargo's Frankfurt Animal Lounge is one of the most detailed public examples. According to Lufthansa Cargo, the 4,000 m² facility offers:
Lufthansa Cargo states that during transit, "all animals are cared for according to their needs, examined, fed, and watered." Note that private individuals cannot book Lufthansa Cargo directly. The airline says they must book through a freight forwarder (pet transport company).
Your pet's booking type also shapes the layover. American Airlines, for example, states on its pet travel page that pets checked at the start of a trip must stay in the same category, checked pet or American Airlines Cargo, for the entire trip. The two cannot be combined across segments.
Once your pet is checked in as cargo or checked baggage, the airline and its ground handlers are responsible for its care until you collect it. In the United States, the federal Animal Welfare Act transportation standards set minimum care rules for carriers and intermediate handlers moving dogs and cats.
Under 9 CFR 3.17, each dog and cat must be offered food and potable water within 4 hours before being transported. After that, adult dogs and cats 16 weeks or older must be offered food at least once every 24 hours, and every dog and cat must be offered water at least once every 12 hours. For carriers and intermediate handlers, the clock starts from the date and time on the feeding and watering certificate that travels with the animal.
Under 9 CFR 3.18, the carrier must check on them whenever they are loaded and unloaded. The carrier must also arrange veterinary care as soon as possible for any animal in obvious physical distress.
Waiting areas are regulated too. 9 CFR 3.19 prohibits mixing dogs and cats with inanimate cargo in terminal animal holding areas. It also requires that the temperature in those areas not fall below 45°F (7.2°C) or rise above 85°F (29.5°C) for more than four consecutive hours while animals are present.
Outside the U.S., airlines generally follow the IATA Live Animals Regulations (LAR), the global standard for crate design and handling. Lufthansa Cargo, for example, cites LAR compliance on its Live Animals page and states that it will only accept kennels for restricted dog breeds that fully meet its LH05 operator variation of the LAR, effective March 1, 2026. That date should be reconfirmed close to booking, since operator variations change.
A layover only counts as entering a country if your pet clears customs there. That single detail decides which import rules apply to the rest of the trip.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) spells this out on its dedicated dog layover guidance page: "A dog is considered to have entered a country if it clears customs." CDC also notes that when a dog rides in the cabin with its owner, or when the itinerary switches airlines, the dog may be required to clear customs at the connecting airport. In those cases, the dog is treated as having entered that country.
The practical takeaway: an airside connection with the pet staying in airline custody is usually the cleanest option. A connection that forces you to collect your pet, clear customs, and recheck it can turn a simple trip into a two-country import.
The best layover for a pet is usually the one with the fewest handoffs. Every aircraft change adds a loading, an unloading, and time in a holding area. These four checks help narrow down an itinerary.
Check the weather at the layover city, not just the endpoints. American Airlines states that you cannot travel with a checked or cargo pet if the current or forecasted temperature is above 85°F (29.4°C), or the ground temperature is below 45°F (7.2°C), at any location on the itinerary. Its non-cabin pets also cannot travel to, through, or from Phoenix, Tucson, Las Vegas, or Palm Springs from May 1 to September 30. A connection through a hot hub in summer can cancel the whole trip.
Know what a long connection costs. Some airlines have pet fees that apply per destination without a stopover or connection of 4 hours or more. If the trip includes a connection of 4 hours or more, fees may apply for each connection segment.
Choose a connection airport with an onsite pet facility. Some of the best international hubs with pet facilities include Frankfurt, Amsterdam, London, Doha, and Dubai. Keep in mind that if there isn't a long enough layover, your pet won't get the full-service care at the facility and may either stay on the same aircraft or be transferred straight to the next flight without a break.
Be careful with short connections. Depending on the full length of your pet's journey, a short connection means they won't get a proper rest stop.
For Australia moves specifically, DAFF requires dogs to arrive directly into Melbourne International Airport as manifested cargo, with no domestic transfers inside Australia. Starwood Pet Travel routes Australia-bound pets from the U.S. through LAX and DFW, which keeps the long-haul leg to Australia as the main flight. Seasonal heat at the U.S. departure or connecting airport still needs to be checked against each airline's temperature rules for the travel dates.
Layovers are one of the most common worries in pet travel threads. In one r/dogs post, an owner flying from the USA to India described an itinerary split into a 4-hour flight and a 14-hour flight "sandwiched with a 12 hour layover" and asked how their dog would be handled (r/dogs discussion).
In a separate r/dogs thread on international cargo travel, a commenter explained why those connections are hard to book alone: "Many airlines won't let you self-service cargo dogs with layovers because it carries risk, and they don't want to be responsible for your dog during layovers. Usually the pet transport company would cover these layovers and ensure continuity between legs" (r/dogs discussion).
Ashley Adkins, Marketing Specialist at Starwood Pet Travel, sees the same pattern: "Most families picture their pet sitting in a crate on a baggage cart for hours, and that's rarely how a well-planned connection works. The real risk isn't the layover itself. It's the connection nobody checked: a hub with a summer heat ban, a country that won't allow transfers, or a routing that forces customs clearance and triggers a second set of import rules. We look at the layover airport as carefully as the destination, because that's where most avoidable delays start."
Because cargo pet reservations work differently from passenger bookings, lining up two or more flights for a pet is harder than it looks. Our pet transportation FAQ explains how cargo reservations are coordinated. If you're not sure where to start, request a free quote and we'll determine the best routing for your pet.